The Polar Cusp Seen by Cluster

The investigation of the magnetospheric polar cusps was one main objectives Cluster mission. four satellites have crossed those regions numerous times over years and, with their suitable instrumentation, favorable orbits, and unique multipoint measurements, many aspects cusp been unveiled. first is its highly dynamic nature. With satellites, whatever altitude thus configuration, spatial/temporal ambiguity has lifted a completely new insight into motion evolution transient small-scale structures within it given. Second, high or exterior cusp, properties dynamics, magnetic energetic particles observed within, boundary magnetosheath were characterized in number case studies on statistical basis. Third, observations brought fresh eye reconnection process at magnetopause, including location spatio-temporal variability. Finally, complete payload particle, field wave detectors made possible to treat as plasma physics laboratory progress our understanding wave-particle interaction turbulence cusp. We no choice but note that extremely successful for all these matters.